Let Them Play
Why Playtime Is a Brain-Building, Wellbeing-Boosting Part of the School Day
Ask most teachers what playtime is for and you'll hear "a break." Ask a neuroscientist and you'll get a very different answer: play is where children practise regulating fear, build the neural circuitry for concentration and rehearse the social skills that make classrooms work. On International Play Day, we have pulled together three brand-new UK research studies from the work of Professor Helen Dodd to make the case that play - especially outdoor, independent and yes, slightly risky play - deserves a protected place in the school day, from nursery to Year 6.
The evidence, in brief
Parents are already on side. A nationally representative survey of nearly 2,000 British parents (Nesbit et al., 2025) found that 96% believe outdoor play space is essential and 94% say playtime should be prioritised for every child. Most parents are comfortable with supervised risk and challenge at school - only 16% want children kept "as safe as possible" at all times. Schools that assume parents are the barrier to richer, more adventurous playtimes may be misjudging their own community.
Risk tolerance shapes how much children play adventurously - even before school starts. In a study of nearly 1,200 parents of 2–4-year-olds (Tyzhuk et al., 2025), children whose parents were more comfortable with risk and more willing to let them engage with challenge spent significantly more time in adventurous play each week. Parental worry about injury, on its own, didn't reduce adventurous play - but low risk tolerance did.
Outdoor play is linked to better social-emotional skills. In a large, ethnically diverse Bradford cohort of 7–12-year-olds (Ferguson et al., 2025), children who played outdoors more often - in gardens, streets, or playgrounds - showed fewer behavioural and emotional difficulties and more prosocial behaviour, regardless of whether they also visited formal parks. The effect held across income levels, though it was somewhat stronger in less deprived areas, while the pattern of play (weekday versus weekend) differed meaningfully between ethnic groups, reflecting different family routines and after-school commitments.
Neuroscience nuggets
- Risky play is a rehearsal space for the brain's fear system. Small, self-chosen doses of thrill and uncertainty (climbing, speed, rough-and-tumble) are thought to help children's stress-response systems learn that fear can be managed - a process some researchers describe as a natural form of exposure learning that may buffer against anxiety in later years.
- Play builds the "executive function" toolkit. The self-directed problem-solving, planning, and impulse control that happen in free play tap the same prefrontal networks that underpin concentration, self-regulation, and learning readiness in the classroom.
- Movement feeds the brain, literally. Physically active play increases blood flow and supports the release of growth factors linked to memory and mood - part of why active breaktimes are followed by better-settled, more focused children.
- Social play wires social skill. Negotiating rules, resolving conflict, and reading peers during unsupervised play strengthens the neural and behavioural foundations of empathy and cooperation - which results in better prosocial behaviour.
Why it matters for education, not just wellbeing
Education and well-being do not need to be competing goals. Schools that have loosened rules and enriched their play offer - from a New Zealand school that removed excessive playground restrictions to UK schools using the OPAL (outdoor play and learning) programme - report children who settle faster after break, concentrate better, and show less bullying and conflict. Play isn't a distraction from learning; for many children, it's the precursor to it.
Action points for teachers
Early Years (nursery/reception): Build in daily opportunities for child-led risk - climbing, balancing, tools, loose parts (crates, tyres, planks). Resist the urge to intervene early; pause and watch before stepping in. Talk to parents about why wobbly, thrilling play matters - most already agree, they just need reassurance the school does too.
Key Stage 1 (Years 1–2): Protect breaktime as non-negotiable - avoid withdrawing it as a behaviour sanction where possible. Offer graded independence: let children choose games, negotiate rules, and resolve minor disputes themselves before adults step in.
Key Stage 2 (Years 3–6): Prioritise outdoor, unstructured time over structured "activities" at break; the evidence suggests it's free outdoor play, not organised sport or formal green space visits, that's most consistently linked to better emotional and social outcomes. Where possible, extend outdoor access before and after the school day, not just at lunchtime - timing seems to matter and after-school routines differ across families and cultures.
Whole school: Identify your "parent champions" (the sizeable minority (22% in the national survey) who are strongly supportive of risky play) and involve them in shaping playground policy. Audit whether your play offer is genuinely accessible and appealing across your community's cultural and socioeconomic mix, not just for the majority group.
The takeaway
Play isn't the opposite of learning, and safety doesn't mean the absence of risk. The research converges on a simple message: give children (and their parents) a bit more trust, a bit more challenge, and a lot more time outdoors, and both the children’s brains and their behaviour will thank you for it.
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Sources:
Nesbit, R. J., FitzGibbon, L., & Dodd, H. F. (2025). Parents' Perceptions of Play in School: Findings From the British Children's Play Survey. Psychology in the Schools, 62(9), 2928–2941.
Tyzhuk, K., Dodd, H. F., & Hesketh, K. R. (2025). Parental tolerance of risk and associations to adventurous play in British preschool-aged children. Preventive Medicine Reports, 59, 103282.
Ferguson, M., Teyhan, A., Lovell, R., Dodd, H., Wheeler, B., & McEachan, R. (2025). The association between park visits, outdoor play and child social-emotional competency in a multi-ethnic, urban cohort. Wellbeing, Space and Society, 9, 100293.











